In-office Laryngeal Procedures: a Modern Perspective for Vocal Fold Interventions

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to discuss in-office laryngeal procedures as an alternative to surgical intervention under general anesthesia. In-office procedures have become more common due to technological advancements. As a result, these approaches are less invasive and more patient-friendly, with increased pain tolerance and reduced procedure time and cost. Methods: We conducted a thematic analysis of published reports regarding the best known and performed in-office laryngeal interventions. Three questions guided our analysis: What laryngological procedures can be performed in the office setting? What are the advantages of in-office laryngology procedures compared to operating room surgical procedures? Why aren't more in-office procedures performed in some Latin American countries? Discussion: Despite being performed more frequently, there is still controversy whether in-office procedures should be performed as often due to the risk of complications. Furthermore, procedures that are done in the office setting are more popular in some countries than in others, even though their benefit has been well demonstrated. This article describes various in-office procedures, including biopsy, vocal fold injections, and laser surgery. We also discuss what factors might contribute to having office-procedures being performed more frequently in some countries than others. Conclusion: Awake interventions offer numerous benefits, including shorter procedure time, reduced costs, and lower patient morbidity. These advantages have significantly transformed the treatment of laryngeal diseases in modern laryngology practice in a global manner.

Introducción: El propósito de este artículo es discutir los procedimientos laríngeos en el consultorio como una alternativa a la intervención quirúrgica bajo anestesia general. Los procedimientos en consultorio se han vuelto más comunes debido a los avances tecnológicos. Como resultado, estos enfoques son menos invasivos y más amigables para el paciente, con mayor tolerancia al dolor y reducción del tiempo y costo del procedimiento. Métodos: Realizamos un análisis temático de los informes publicados sobre las intervenciones laríngeas más conocidas y realizadas. Tres preguntas guiaron nuestro análisis: ¿Qué procedimientos laringológicos se pueden realizar en el consultorio y cuales sin los más frecuentes?, ¿cuáles son las ventajas de los procedimientos laringológicos fuera del quirófano frente a los que se realizan bajo anestesia general?, ¿por qué no se realizan más procedimientos laringológicos en el consultorio en la mayoría de los países en Latinoamérica? Discusión: A pesar de que se realizan con mayor frecuencia, aún existe controversia sobre si los procedimientos en consultorio deben realizarse con tanta frecuencia debido al riesgo de complicaciones. Además, los procedimientos que se realizan en el consultorio son más populares en algunos países que en otros, aunque sus beneficios han sido bien demostrados. Este artículo describe varios procedimientos en el consultorio, incluida la biopsia, las inyecciones de cuerdas vocales y la cirugía con láser. También se discutieron los factores que podrían contribuir a que los procedimientos en el consultorio se realicen con más frecuencia en algunos países que en otros. Conclusión: Las intervenciones con pacientes despiertos ofrecen numerosos beneficios, incluido un tiempo de procedimiento más corto, costos reducidos y una menor morbilidad para el paciente. Estas ventajas han transformado significativamente el tratamiento de las enfermedades laríngeas en la práctica de la laringología moderna a nivel mundial.

Should videolaryngoscopy be routinely used for airway management? An approach from different scenarios in medical practice

During the past two decades, the videolaryngoscope (VDL) has become a valuable and effective tool for the management of the airway, not just in the realm of anesthesiology, but also in other medical specialties in clinical scenarios requiring tracheal intubation. In countries such as the United States, this represents over 15 million cases in the operating room and 650,000 outside the OR. The overall accumulated incidence of difficult airway is 6.8% events in routine practice and between 0.1 and 0.3 % of failed intubations, both associated with complications such as desaturation, airway injury, hemodynamic instability and death. Notwithstanding the fact that the VDL has proven advantages such as improved visualization of the glottis, higher first attempt success rates, and a shortened learning curve, most of the time its use is limited to rescue attempts or as a secondary option. The aim of this article is to comment the advantages and limitations of the VDL vs. the direct laryngoscope in a wide range of clinical settings, including the operating room, intensive care units, emergency departments, pediatrics, obstetrics, and Covid-19 to consider its routine use.

En las últimas dos décadas, el videolaringoscopio (VDL) se ha convertido en una herramienta valiosa y eficaz para el manejo de la vía aérea no solo en el ámbito de anestesiología, sino en otras especialidades médicas durante escenarios clínicos que requieren la intubación traqueal y las cuales, en países como Estados Unidos corresponden anualmente a más de 15 millones dentro de salas de cirugía y 650.000 fuera de ella. Aproximadamente, hay una incidencia global acumulada de 6,8 % de eventos de vía aérea difícil en la práctica rutinaria y 0,1 al 0,3 % de intubaciones fallidas, ambas asociadas a complicaciones como desaturación, daño en la vía aérea, inestabilidad hemodinámica y muerte. Pese a que el VDL ha demostrado ventajas como mejoría de la visualización de la glotis, aumento de tasa de éxito al primer intento y menor curva de aprendizaje, su uso en la mayoría de las veces se ve limitado como dispositivo de rescate o de manera secundaria. El propósito de este artículo es comentar acerca de las ventajas y limitaciones del VDL vs. el laringoscopio directo en un variado número de escenarios clínicos, como salas de cirugía, unidades de cuidado intensivo, emergenciología, pediatría, obstetricia y covid-19, con el fin de considerar si su uso debiera hacerse de manera rutinaria.

Attenuation of hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation by pre-operative oral melatonin

Background: Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation are usually associated with tachycardia and hypertension. Pre-administration of melatonin has anxiolytic and sedative property which can reduce the tachycardia and hypertension during the surgical procedures. Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the melatonin effect on hemodynamic changes during laryngoscopy and intubation. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was done in the department of anesthesia, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka. Total 80 patients were included in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were divided into two groups. Group-A treated with placebo and Group-B treated with melatonin (6 mg) and demographic, clinical, and hemodynamic parameters were recorded. The data were analyzed with unpaired t-test with the use SPSS (20.0) version software. Results: Comparison of number and percentage of age, gender, and blood groups between the Group-I and Group-II not showed any significant difference. Group-I and Group-II mean age, height, and weight not showed any significant difference. Mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure were compared between the Group-I and Group-II at basal, during, after 1, 3, 5, and 10 min showed significant difference. Conclusion: Pre-administration melatonin showed significant reduction of hemodynamic changes compared to placebo group.

A prospective validation and comparison of three multivariate models for prediction of difficult intubation in adult patients

Abstract Purpose Several bedside clinical tests have been proposed to predict difficult tracheal intubation. Unfortunately, when used alone, these tests show less than ideal prediction performance. Some multivariate tests have been proposed considering that the combination of some criteria could lead to better prediction performance. The goal of our research was to compare three previously described multivariate models in a group of adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. Methods This study included 220 patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. A standardized airway evaluation which included modified Mallampati class (MM), thyromental distance (TMD), mouth opening distance (MOD), head and neck movement (HNM), and jaw protrusion capacity was performed before anesthesia. Multivariate models described by El-Ganzouri et al., Naguib et al., and Langeron et al. were calculated using the airway data. After anesthesia induction, an anesthesiologist performed the laryngoscopic classification and tracheal intubation. The sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the models were calculated. Results The overall incidence of difficult laryngoscopic view (DLV) was 12.7%. The area under curve (AUC) for the Langeron, Naguib, and El-Ganzouri models were 0.834, 0.805, and 0.752, respectively, (Langeron > El-Ganzouri, p= 0.004; Langeron = Naguib, p= 0.278; Naguib = El-Ganzouri, p= 0.101). The sensitivities were 85.7%, 67.9%, and 35.7% for the Langeron, Naguib, and El-Ganzouri models, respectively. Conclusion The Langeron model had higher overall prediction performance than that of the El-Ganzouri model. Additionally, the Langeron score had higher sensitivity than the Naguib and El-Ganzouri scores, and therefore yielded a lower incidence of false negatives.

A randomized comparative study of preoperative fentanyl and dexmedetomidine nebulization on the hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation

Background: Intense sympathetic activity is linked to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation, which could lead to intraoperative problems. We undertook this study to compare the effects of preoperative nebulized Fentanyl and Dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation, taking advantage of their high bioavailability and better absorption through nasal mucosa. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of the study were (i) to compare the effect of preoperative nebulization on the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation; and (ii) to assess intraoperative requirement of anesthetic agents. Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized, and comparative study was conducted among 100 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I, II patients (of either gender) undergoing elective surgeries and requiring tracheal intubation, were randomized in two groups. Group A was given Fentanyl Nebulization (2 ?g/kg in 4 ml of 0.9% saline) and Group B was given Dexmedetomidine nebulization (1 ?g/kg in 4 ml of 0.9% saline) 10 min before anesthesia induction. Hemodynamic parameters were noted before and immediately after induction, 1 min, 5 min and 10 min after intubation. The main goal was to assess how Fentanyl and dexmedetomidine nebulization affect the laryngoscopy and intubation-induced stress response. The secondary outcome was to assess the intraoperative requirement of anesthetic agents, observe adverse effects of study drug and sedation score. Results: Dexmedetomidine nebulization was found to be more effective in blunting rise in heart rate post laryngoscopy compared to Fentanyl Nebulization (P < 0.0001) as well as in MAP after 10 min of intubation (P < 0.0001). Requirement of propofol was seen to be significantly reduced in Group B compared to Group A (P < 0.05). Sedation scores were significantly higher in Group B (P < 0.05). No evidence of side effects was observed in any group. Conclusion: Nebulisation of dexmedetomidine was found to be more effective in attenuation of stress response of laryngoscopy and intubation compared to nebulisation of fentanyl, with stable intraoperative hemodynamic and no significant side effects.

Comparative Study Between Intravenous Clonidine and Preservative Free Intravenous Lignocaine in Attenuation of Pressor Response to Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation

Objectives To compare the attenuation of pressor responses by intravenous clonidine and preservative-free lignocaine to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Materials and Methods A randomized, prospective, comparative, double-blinded study was conducted in 80 adult patients who were randomized into two groups of 40 each, group clonidine (Group C) and group lignocaine (Group L). Group C patients were given 2 µg/kg clonidine in 20 ml of normal saline as a slow infusion over 10 min prior to intubation. Group L patients were given 1.5 mg/kg of preservative-free 2% lignocaine in 20 ml of normal saline as a single-dose infusion over 3 min prior to intubation. Baseline vital and hemodynamic parameters were monitored during the perioperative period at 1-, 5-, and 10-min post-intubation. Results The attenuation of heart rate (HR) after intubation was much better with clonidine than lignocaine as there is statistically significant difference in the mean HR between the two groups at 1, 5, and 10 min after intubation with the HR significantly lesser in the Group C than the Group L at all times after intubation. Both clonidine and lignocaine were effective in attenuating systolic blood pressure response after intubation, but clonidine was more effective than lignocaine as systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the Group C remained much lower than the Group L and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant at all times after intubation. Conclusion Premedicating with a single slow infusion of 2 µg/kg i.v. clonidine has been proven to be effective in maintaining perioperative hemodynamic stability at 1, 5, and 10 min post-intubation than lignocaine.

Vocal rehabilitation in singers with vocal complaints: a digital kymography analysis / Reabilitação vocal em cantoras com queixa vocal: análise da videoquimografia digital

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate the effects of the Comprehensive Vocal Rehabilitation Program associated with the application of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation through digital kymography in singers with vocal complaints. Methods: an experimental intrasubject comparative study in 24 singers, who underwent the rehabilitation program associated with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. They were assessed with laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy before and after vocal rehabilitation. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were used to compare the two assessments. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: significant differences were found in the maximum opening, dominant amplitude of the opening variation and dominant frequency of the opening variation of the right vocal fold in the posterior glottic region, and in maximum opening, mean opening, dominant amplitude of the opening variation of the left vocal fold and dominant frequency of the opening variation of both vocal folds in the anterior glottic region. Conclusion: the results showed that the Comprehensive Vocal Rehabilitation Program associated with transcutaneous electrical stimulation decreased the opening amplitude of the vocal fold, increased the vibration frequency, and improved glottal closure in the anterior and posterior glottic regions.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos do Programa Integral de Reabilitação Vocal associado à aplicação da estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea por meio da videoquimografia digital em cantoras com queixa vocal. Métodos: estudo experimental comparativo intrassujeitos com 24 cantoras, que realizaram o programa de reabilitação associado à estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea. A avaliação, por meio da videolaringoscopia de alta velocidade, foi realizada antes e após a reabilitação vocal. Os testes T pareado e de Wilcoxon foram utilizados para comparação das duas avaliações. Considerou-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: diferenças significantes foram identificadas quanto aos parâmetros de abertura máxima, amplitude dominante de variação de abertura e frequência dominante de abertura da prega vocal direita na região posterior da glote, além dos parâmetros de abertura máxima, abertura média, amplitude dominante de variação de abertura da prega vocal esquerda e frequência dominante de abertura de ambas as pregas vocais na região anterior da glote. Conclusão: os resultados mostraram que o Programa Integral de Reabilitação Vocal associado à estimulação elétrica transcutânea promoveu uma diminuição da amplitude de abertura da prega vocal e aumento da frequência de vibração, além de um melhor fechamento glótico nas regiões anterior e posterior da glote.

Preoperative airway ultrasound assessment in the sniffing position: a prospective observational study

Abstract Background: Clinical airway screening tests intend to predict difficult airways, but none have a high predictive value. Recent systematic reviews correlate ultrasound with difficult laryngoscopy. This study aimed primarily to correlate ultrasound measurements of anatomical upper airway structures in the sniffing position with difficult direct laryngoscopy. The secondary aim was to observe gender-based differences. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional, single-center observational study included 209 patients requiring general anesthesia for elective surgery. Preoperatively, we performed six clinical airway assessments and three ultrasound measurements, which were the Distance from Skin to the Hyoid Bone (DSHB), to the Epiglottis (DSE), and to the anterior commissure of the vocal cords (DSAC) in a sniffing position. Benumof's criteria for the "best view at the first attempt" for direct laryngoscopy assessed the difficulty of laryngoscopy. Results: The distance from skin to the epiglottis was the best predictor of direct difficult laryngoscopy (defined as Cormack-Lehane grade > 2b) with a minimum thickness cut-off at 2.70 ± 0.19 cm (sensitivity 91.3%; specificity 96.9%). The skin to the hyoid bone distance cut-off was 1.41 ± 0.30 cm with moderate correlation (sensitivity 80.4%; specificity 60.1%). No correlation was found for the distance to the anterior commissure of the vocal cords. In women compared to men, the skin to the epiglottis distance was more sensitive (92.3% vs. 90.9%) and specific (98.8% vs. 95.2%). Conclusions: DSE in the sniffing position is the most reliable parameter for preoperative airway ultrasound assessment in the Caucasian population, with higher sensitivity and specificity in women, and might be considered as an independent predictor for direct difficult laryngoscopy.

Upper airway angle and glottic height: a prospective cohort to evaluate two new features for airway prediction

Abstract Background: Predicting difficult direct laryngoscopies remains challenging and improvements are needed in preoperative airway assessment. We conceived two new tests (the upper airway angle and the glottic height) and assessed their association with difficult direct laryngoscopies as well as their predictive performance. Methods: A prospective cohort was conducted with 211 patients undergoing general anesthesia for surgical procedures. We assessed the association between difficult laryngoscopies and modified Mallampati Test (MMT), Upper Lip Bite Test (ULBT), Mandibular Length (ML), Neck Circumference (NC), Mouth Opening (MO), Sternomental Distance (SMD), Thyromental Distance (TMD), Upper Airway Angle (UAA), and Glottic Height (GH). We also estimated their predictive values. Results: Difficult laryngoscopy was presented by 12 patients (5.7%). Six tests were significantly associated with difficult laryngoscopies and their area under the ROC curve, and 95% CIs were as follows: UAA = 88.82 (81.86-95.78); GH = 86.43 (72.67-100); ML = 83.75 (72.77-94.74); NC = 79.17 (64.98-93.36); MO = 65.58 (45.13-86.02); and MMT = 77.89 (68.37-87.41). Conclusion: We have found two new features (the UAA and the GH) to be significantly associated with the occurrence of difficult direct laryngoscopies. They also presented the best predictive performance amongst the nine evaluated tests in our cohort of patients. We cannot ensure, however, these tests to be superior to other regularly used bedside tests based on our estimated 95% CIs.

The impact of introducing a videolaryngoscope in the initial training of laryngoscopy for undergraduate medical students: a simulation randomized trial

Abstract Introduction: Adequate and continuous airway management by health professionals is fundamental to ensure patient safety and protection. Among several techniques, laryngoscopy for orotracheal intubation is considered a basic skill, so it is taught and learned in medical school and used during the future years of professional practice. However, in some clinical scenarios, physical and anatomical characteristics can make laryngoscopy exceedingly difficult. In the last decade, some new devices have emerged to apply indirect or video-assisted imaging systems, so-called videolaryngoscopes. They have shown great efficiency in difficult intubation cases and have improved teaching and training. Our study introduced a videolaryngoscope, the McGrathTM MAC, in the regular laryngoscopy training rotation for 3rd-year undergraduate medical students and evaluated whether there was any associated optimization of the students' performance. Method: Students from two different classes and years (2017 and 2018) were randomly divided into two groups and received theoretical and practical training in the techniques of Direct Laryngoscopy (DL) and Videolaryngoscopy (VL). The students in each group applied the manoeuvres and simulated three tracheal intubation attempts on mannequins. They were evaluated for their success rate on the first attempt, the time required to finalize the intubation, and the visualization of the glottic structures according to the classification of Cormack-Lehane (C&L). Results: Two hundred and four students with an average age of 21 ± 2 years participated in the study; the groups were similar. There was a significant difference between the VL and DL groups in the 1st attempt success rate (97% and 89.4%, respectively, p = 0.0497 - 95% CI), but such a difference was not seen for the other attempts or regarding the number of oesophageal intubations (3% and 7.7%). The students in the VL group were faster than those in the DL group in all intubation attempts; in parallel, the vast majority of the VL group reported excellent visualization conditions, with 75% of the attempts classified as Cormack-Lehane grade 1. Conclusion: The introduction of a videolaryngoscope in medical students' training improved the visualization of anatomical structures and allowed tracheal intubation maneuvers to be performed faster and with a higher success rate on the first attempt. Thus, under the conditions of this prospective study, the videolaryngoscope had a positive impact on training and proved to be a promising tool for teaching laryngoscopy.

Visual-perceptive assessment of glottic characteristics of vocal nodules by means of high-speed videoendoscopy

Abstract Objective Visual-perceptive assessment of glottic characteristics of vocal nodules by means of high-speed videoendoscopy. Methods Descriptive observational research with convenience sampling of five laryngeal videos of women with an average age of 25 years. The diagnosis of vocal nodules was defined by two otolaryngologists, with 100% intra-rater agreement and 53.40% inter-rater agreement and five otolaryngologists as judge assessed the laryngeal videos based on an adapted protocol. The statistical analysis calculated measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as percentage. The AC1 coefficient was used for agreement analysis. Results In high-speed videoendoscopy imaging, vocal nodules are characterized by amplitude of the mucosal wave and muco-undulatory movement with magnitude between 50% and 60%. Non-vibrating segments of vocal folds are scarce, and the glottal cycle does not show a predominant phase, it is symmetric and periodic. Glottal closure is characterized by the presence of a mid-posterior triangular chink (double chink or isolated mid-posterior triangular chink), without movement of supraglottic laryngeal structures, with irregular contour of the free edge of vocal folds, which are vertically on-plane. Conclusion Vocal nodules present mid-posterior triangular chink and irregular free edge contour. Amplitude and mucosal wave were partially reduced. Level of evidence: Level 4 (Case-series).

Dispositivo com câmera para treinamento de intubação orotraqueal: possibilidade de ensino médico em período pandêmico / Device with camera in orotracheal intubation training: possibility of medical education a pandemic period

Resumo: Introdução: A intubação orotraqueal é um procedimento importante no manejo da via aérea, principalmente quando realizada em situações de emergência. A videolaringoscopia é um artificio que facilita a visualização da glote ao auxiliar a intubação. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objeto acoplar uma câmera de vídeo a um laringoscópio convencional do tipo Macintosh para possibilitar e orientar o treinamento da intubação orotraqueal. Método: O uso de uma câmera acoplada a um laringoscópio convencional permite a visibilização direta e indireta da glote. As imagens da câmera podem ser transmitidas por wi-fi e compartilhadas para dispositivos e plataformas eletrônicos, visando ao ensino presencial ou remoto da intubação orotraqueal. Resultado: A utilização do dispositivo artesanal como método de ensino de intubação orotraqueal permite ao docente ensinar a teoria do procedimento e orientar e corrigir a execução realizada pelo acadêmico. Esse feedback no treinamento prático pode ser realizado presencialmente ou por via remota. Conclusão: O uso do dispositivo artesanal de videolaringoscopia no ensino médico é uma ferramenta de baixo custo para aperfeiçoar o treinamento de intubação orotraqueal convencional.

Abstract: Introduction: The orotracheal intubation is an important procedure in airway management, especially when performed in emergency situations. Video-laryngoscopy is an artifice that facilitates visualization of the glottis, aiding intubation. Objective: This study aimed to attach a video camera to a conventional Macintosh-type laryngoscope to enable and train intubation or otracheal training. Method: The use of a camera coupled to a conventional laryngoscope allows direct and indirect visualization of the glottis. Camera images can be transmitted over wi-fi and shared to electronic devices and platforms, aiming at teaching in person or remotely about orotracheal intubation. Result: The use of the device as a method of teaching intubation or otracheal, allows teaching to teach the theory of procedure and training the execution performed by the artisanal method. This feedback in the practical training of orotracheal intubation in mannequins can be performed in person or remotely. Conclusion: The use of handcrafted video laryngoscopy device in medical education is a low-cost tool to improve conventional orotracheal intubation training.

Role of melatonin in attenuation of hemodynamic response to intubation and anesthetic requirements: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study

Abstract Background Melatonin has been studied to have anxiolytic, sedative, and analgesic effects. However, there is limited data on the effect of melatonin in the attenuation of hemodynamic response to intubation. We aimed to study whether preanesthetic oral melatonin attenuates hemodynamic responses to intubation and anesthetic requirements. Methods Sixty-four patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized into melatonin or placebo group (n = 32 each). Melatonin group received two tablets (3 mg each) of melatonin, and the placebo group received two tablets of vitamin D3 120 min before induction. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded during induction and postintubation for 15 minutes. Total induction dose of propofol, total intraoperative fentanyl consumption, and adverse effects of melatonin were also noted. Results Postintubation rise in heart rate (HR) was less in the melatonin group compared to the placebo group (10.59% vs. 37.08% at 1 min, respectively) (p< 0.0001). Maximum percentage increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean blood pressure (MBP) was lesser in melatonin group than placebo group (SBP 9.25% vs. 37.73%, DBP 10.58% vs. 35.51%, MBP 9.99% vs. 36.45% at 1 min postintubation. respectively) (p< 0.0001). Induction dose of propofol (1.42 mg.kg-1 vs. 2.01 mg.kg-1) and the number of patients requiring additional fentanyl intraoperatively (3 vs. 11) were also significantly reduced in the melatonin group. Conclusion Premedication with 6 mg of oral melatonin resulted in significant attenuation of postintubation rise in HR, SBP, DBP, and MBP. It also reduced the induction dose of propofol, total intraoperative fentanyl consumption without any adverse effects.

Predictive performance of thyromental height for difficult laryngoscopies in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Thyromental height (TMH) was first reported as a great single test for prediction of difficult laryngoscopies, although further studies have shown variable estimates of its accuracy. We thus performed this meta-analysis to summarize the predictive values of TMH mainly for prediction of difficult laryngoscopies. Methods A search in PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, and Scielo was conducted in June 2020. We included prospective cohorts fully reported with patients ≥ 16 years old, providing data on predictive values of TMH for prediction of either difficult laryngoscopies or difficult intubations. Diagnostic properties and association between TMH and Cormack and Lehanes's classification by direct laryngoscopy were evaluated. A random-effects meta-analysis using hierarchical models was performed. Results Eight studies evaluating 2844 patients were included. All included studies had high risk of bias and low concern regarding applicability. There was significant heterogeneity among the studies. The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and positive (LR+) and negative (LR-) likelihood ratios were as follows: DOR, 57.94 (95% CI: 18.19-184.55); LR+, 11.32 (95% CI: 4.28-29.92); and LR-, 0.23 (95% CI: 0.15-0.35). Summary sensitivity and specificity for studies with common threshold were 82.6 (95% CI: 74-88.8%) and 93.5 (95% CI: 79-98.2%), respectively. The estimated AUC was 81.1%. Conclusion TMH arises as a good predictor of difficult laryngoscopies in adult patients from diverse populations presenting better predictive values than most previously reported bedside tests. However, the high risk of bias throughout the studies may have skewed the results of the individual research as well as the summary points of the present meta-analysis.

Construction of three image recognition models of manikin′s glottis using visual laryngoscopy based on deep-learning algorithm / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To construct three image recognition models of manikin′s glottis using visual laryngoscopy based on deep-learning algorithm.Methods:The tracheal intubation manikin′s epiglottis was visualized using a videolaryngoscope, and then epiglottis was elevated to expose the glottis and acquire glottic images. A total of 149 images were obtained from various angles and orientations and randomly divided into training set and test set, and the annotation of image data was completed. Three glottal image recognition models of CenterNet, YOLOv3 and YOLOv4 were developed. The training set was used to complete the training of the models, and finally the test set was used to evaluate the model performance.Results:CenterNet, YOLOv3 and YOLOv4 three models were successfully constructed, the mean average precision of CenterNet, YOLOv3 and YOLOv4 was 92.33%, 89.52% and 89.02% respectively, the recall rates were 87.50%, 90.00% and 90.00% respectively, the precision rates reached 97.22%, 94.74% and 94.74% respectively, and the accuracy rates were 90.91%, 85.11% and 88.89% respectively. All three algorithms demonstrated an identical F1 score of 91.00%.Conclusions:The CenterNet, YOLOv3 and YOLOv4 models are successfully constructed, and three recognition models can accurately identify the glottis in the image, with the CenterNet model demonstrating the highest recognition precision.

La videolaringoscopia es una alternativa segura en el paciente despierto con vía aérea difícil anticipada. Reporte de Caso / Videolaryngoscopy is a Safe Alternative in Awake Patients with Anticipated Difficult Airway. Case Report / A videolaringoscopia é uma alternativa segura no paciente acordado com via aérea difícil antecipada. Relato de caso

Introducción. El manejo de la vía aérea difícil anticipada es un reto anestésico que supone la valoración preoperatoria de las características anatómicas y los factores de riesgo específicos del paciente. La intubación difícil se presenta en 1.6 de 1,000 eventos y la intubación fallida en 0.06 de 1,000 eventos. El objetivo de este reporte es mostrar la importancia del uso de dispositivos (específicamente videolaringoscopio) en pacientes con predicción de vía aérea difícil. Presentación del caso. Hombre de 63 años con gran masa facial con extensión a nariz, labio superior, erosión a nivel del maxilar superior que ocupaba cavidad oral, con predictores de ventilación e intubación difícil, programado para rinectomía, osteotomía Lefort II, reconstrucción y traqueostomía, con intubación exitosa con videolaringoscopio en primer intento bajo sedación consciente y ventilación espontánea. Discusión. La vía aérea difícil es un escenario relacionado a factores externos e internos del paciente y a complicaciones pre e intraoperatorias. El videolaringoscopio es una herramienta útil que permite la intubación exitosa y disminuye los posibles eventos adversos (como se observó en el paciente del caso presentado) y es descrito en diferentes reportes de casos con compromiso parcial o total de la vía aérea. Conclusión. La videolaringoscopia, en casos de vía aérea difícil anticipada, está asociada con un menor tiempo de intubación, un buen perfil de seguridad y una alta tasa de éxito, comparable a la del fibrobroncoscopio, se logra la intubación en el primer intento en la mayoría de las veces y, por ello, debería considerarse como primera opción.

Introduction. Management of an anticipated difficult airway is an anesthetic challenge that involves preoperative assessment of the patient's specific anatomic characteristics and risk factors. Difficult intubation occurs in 1.6 of 1,000 events and failed intubation in 0.06 of 1,000 events. The objective of this report is to show the importance of the use of devices (specifically videolaryngoscope) in patients with predicted difficult airway. Case Presentation. 63-year-old man with large facial mass with extensión to the nose, upper lip, erosion at the level of the upper jaw occupying the oral cavity, with predictors of ventilation and difficult intubation, scheduled for rhinectomy, Lefort II osteotomy, reconstruction and tracheostomy, with successful intubation with videolaryngoscope on the first attempt under conscious sedation and spontaneous ventilation. Discussion. Difficult airway is a scenario related to external and internal patient factors and to pre- and intraoperative complications. The videolaryngoscope is a useful tool that allows successful intubation and decreases possible adverse events (as observed in the patient of the case presented) and is described in different reports of cases with partial or total airway compromise. Conclusion. Videolaryngoscopy, in cases of anticipated difficult airway, is associated with a shorter intubation time, a good safety profile and a high success rate, comparable to that of fibrobronchoscopy, intubation is achieved on the first attempt in most cases and should therefore be considered as a first choice.

Introdução. O manejo da via aérea difícil antecipada é um desafio anestésico que envolve a avaliação pré-operatória das características anatômicas e dos fatores de risco específicos do paciente. A intubação difícil ocorre em 1.6 de 1,000 eventos e a intubação falha em 0.06 de 1,000 eventos. O objetivo deste relato é mostrar a importância do uso de dispositivos (especificamente videolaringoscópio) em pacientes com previsão de via aérea difícil. Apresentação do caso. Homem de 63 anos com grande massa facial estendendo-se ao nariz, lábio superior e erosão ao nível do maxilar superior que ocupava a cavidade oral, com preditores de ventilação e intubação difícil, programado para rinectomia, osteotomia Lefort II, reconstrução e traqueostomia, com intubação bem-sucedida, com videolaringoscópio na primeira tentativa sob sedação consciente e ventilação espontânea. Discussão. A via aérea difícil é um cenário relacionado a fatores externos e internos do paciente e a complicações pré e intraoperatórias. O videolaringoscópio é uma ferramenta útil que permite o sucesso da intubação e reduz possíveis eventos adversos (como observado no paciente do caso apresentado) e está descrito em diversos relatos de casos com comprometimento parcial ou total da via aérea. Conclusão. A videolaringoscopia, em casos de via aérea difícil antecipada, está associada a um menor tempo de intubação, um bom perfil de segurança e uma alta taxa de sucesso, comparável à fibrobroncoscopia, a intubação é realizada na primeira tentativa na maioria dos casos e, portanto, deve ser considerada como a primeira opção.

Evaluation of thyromental height as a predictor of difficult laryngoscopy and difficult intubation: a cross-sectional observational study

Abstract Background and objectives Several anthropometric measurements have been suggested to identify a potentially difficult airway. We studied thyromental height (TMH) as a predictor of difficult laryngoscopy and difficult intubation. We also compared TMH, ratio of height to thyromental distance (RHTMD), and thyromental distance (TMD) as predictors of difficult airway. Methods This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 300 adult surgical patients requiring tracheal intubation. Preoperatively airway characteristics were assessed. Standard anesthesia was administered. Degree of difficulty with mask ventilation, laryngoscopic view, duration of laryngoscopy, and difficulty in tracheal intubation (intubation difficulty scale score) were noted. Multivariate logistics regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors for difficult laryngoscopy. Results Laryngoscopy was difficult in 46 of 300 (15.3%) patients; all 46 patients had Cormack-Lehane grade 3 view. Duration of laryngoscopy was 27 ± 11 s in patients with difficult laryngoscopy and 12.7 ± 3.9 s in easy laryngoscopy; p= 0.001. Multivariate analysis identified that TMH, presence of short neck, and history of snoring were independently associated with difficult laryngoscopy. Incidence of difficult intubation was 17.0%. A shorter TMH was associated with higher IDS scores; r = -0.16, p= 0.001. TMH and duration of laryngoscopy were found to be negatively correlated; a shorter TMH was associated with a longer duration of laryngoscopy; r = -0.13, p= 0.03. The cut-off threshold value for TMH in our study is 4.4 cm with a sensitivity of 66% and a specificity of 54%. Conclusion Thyromental height predicts difficult laryngoscopy and difficult intubation. TMD and RHTMD did not prove to be useful as predictors of difficult airway.

Is Mallampati classification a good screening test? A prospective cohort evaluating the predictive values of Mallampati test at different thresholds

Abstract Background There is currently some discussion over the actual usefulness of performing preoperative upper airway assessment to predict difficult airways. In this field, modified Mallampati test (MMT) is a widespread tool used for prediction of difficult airways showing only a feeble predictive performance as a diagnostic test. We therefore aimed at evaluating if MMT test would perform better when used as a screening test rather than diagnostic. Methods An accuracy prospective study was conducted with 570 patients undergoing general anesthesia for surgical procedures. We collected preoperatively data on sex, age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), ASA physical status, and MMT. The main outcome was difficult laryngoscopy defined as Cormack and Lahane classes 3 or 4. Bivariate analyses were performed to build three different predictive models with their ROC curves. Results Difficult laryngoscopy was reported in 36 patients (6.32%). Sex, ASA physical status, and MMT were associated with difficult laryngoscopy, while body mass index (BMI) was not. The MMT cut-off with the highest odds ratio was the class II, which also presented significantly higher sensitivity (94.44%). The balanced accuracy was 67.11% (95% CI: 62.78-71.44%) for the cut-off of class II and 71.68% (95% CI: 63.83-79.54) for the class III. Conclusion MMT seems to be more clinically useful when the class II is employed as the threshold for possible difficult laryngoscopies. At this cut-off, MMT shows the considerable highest sensitivity plus the highest odds ratio, prioritizing thus the anticipation of difficult laryngoscopies.

Disfonia: retrato de um grupo populacional na cidade de Guarulhos / Dysphonia: portrait of a population group in the city of Guarulhos / Disfonía: retrato de un grupo de población en la ciudad de Guarulhos

Introdução: A disfonia causa impacto na qualidade de vida e no mercado de trabalho, sendo sinto-ma importante para triagem de neoplasia laríngea. Objetivo: Realizar avaliação estatística de um grupo populacional da cidade de Guarulhos com queixa de disfonia. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com utilização de amostra correspondente a 2.564 exames, videolaringoscópicos ou nasofibrolaringoscó-picos, de pacientes acima de 5 anos de idade, no município de Guarulhos da região metropolitana de São Paulo, pelo mesmo médico otorrinolaringologista e pelo mesmo fonoaudiólogo, entre os meses de abril de 2011 e abril de 2012. Avaliaram-se as alterações no diagnóstico da voz, levando em consideração idade e sexo dos pacientes. Foram descritos os sexos das pessoas segundo diagnósticos com uso de frequências absolutas e relativas e verificou-se a existência de associação entre sexo e diagnóstico através do uso de teste da razão de verossimilhanças (Kirkwood e Sterne, 2006). As idades foram descritas, segundo diagnósticos, com uso de medidas resumo (média, desvio-padrão (DP), mediana, mínimo e máximo), e foram comparadas as idades entre os diagnósticos, com uso de teste análise de variâncias (ANOVA) seguido de comparações múltiplas de Tukey (Neter et al., 1996). Os testes foram realizados com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Há maior frequência de homens com diagnóstico de neoplasias ou câncer que nos demais diagnósticos. Dos 2.564 exames, 477 apresentaram laringite crônica, sendo 69% do gênero feminino; 279 disfonia funcional, 63,4% do gênero feminino; 137 alterações estruturais míni-mas (AEM), 69,3% do gênero feminino; 36 disfunções neurológicas, sendo igualmente divididos entre os gêneros; e 12 apresentaram neoplasias, sendo 83,3% do masculino. Conclusão: Verificou-se maior número de alterações benignas no gênero feminino. Neoplasias e disfunções neurológicas predominaram no gênero masculino. A disfonia funcional e as AEM ocorrem em pacientes abaixo dos 40 anos, enquanto as demais ocorrem até em idades avançadas, acima dos 50 anos.

Introduction: Dysphonia impacts in quality of life and in the labor market, being an important symptom for screening laryngeal neoplasia. Objective: Perform a statistical evaluation of a population group in the city of Guarulhos complaining of dysphonia. Method: This is a cross-sectional study using a sample corresponding to 2,564 examinations, videolaryngoscopic or nasofibrolaryngoscopic, of pa-tients over 5 years of age, in the municipality of Guarulhos of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, by the same ENT physician and the same speech therapist, between April 2011 and April 2012. Changes in voice diagnosis were evaluated taking into account the age and gender of the patient. The sex of subjects was described according to diagnoses using absolute and relative frequencies, and the existence of an association between sex and diagnosis was verified through the use of likelihood ratio testing (Kirkwood and Sterne, 2006). Ages were described according to diagnoses using summary measurements (mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum), and compared the ages between diagnoses, using variance analysis (ANOVA) followed by multiple comparisons by Tukey (Neter et al., 1996). The tests were performed with a significance level of 5%. Results: There is a higher frequency of men diagnosed with neoplasms or cancer than in other diagnoses. Of the 2,564 tests, 477 had chronic laryngitis, 69% in females; 279 functional dysphonia, 63.4% female; 137 minimal structural alterations (AEM), 69.3% female; 36 neurological dysfunctions, being equally divided between genders; and 12 presented neoplasms, 83.3% in males. Conclusion: There were a higher number of benign alterations in the female gender. Neoplasms and neurological dysfunctions predominated in males. Functional dysphonia and AEM occur in patients under 40 years of age, while the others occur even at advanced ages, above 50 years of age.

Introducción: La disfonía impacta en la calidad de vida y en el mercado laboral, siendo un sínto-ma importante para el cribado de la neoplasia laríngea. Objetivo: Realizar una evaluación estadística de un grupo poblacional de la ciudad de Guarulhos que se queja de disfonía. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal que utiliza una muestra correspondiente a 2564 exámenes, videolaringoscópicos o nasofibrolaringoscópicos, de pacientes mayores de 5 años, en el municipio de Guarulhos de la región metropolitana de São Paulo, realizados por el mismo otorrinolaringólogo y el mismo logopeda, entre abril de 2011 y abril de 2012. Los cambios en el diagnóstico de voz se evaluaron teniendo en cuenta la edad y el sexo de las personas. Los sexos de las personas se describieron de acuerdo con los diagnósticos utilizando frecuencias absolutas y relativas, y la existencia de una asociación entre el sexo y el diagnóstico se verificó mediante el uso de pruebas de razón de probabilidad (Kirkwood y Sterne, 2006). Las edades se describieron de acuerdo con los diagnósticos utilizando mediciones resumidas (media, desviación estándar, mediana, mínima y máxima), y se compararon las edades entre los diagnósticos, utilizando el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) seguido de comparaciones múltiples de Tukey (Neter et al., 1996). Las pruebas se realizaron con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: Hay una mayor frecuencia de hombres diagnosticados con neoplasias o cáncer que en otros diagnósticos. De las 2.564 pruebas, 477 presentaban laringitis crónica, el 69% en mujeres; 279 disfonía funcional, el 63,4% mujeres; 137 alteraciones estructurales mínimas (AEM), el 69,3% mujeres; 36 disfunciones neurológicas, estando divididas por igual entre géneros; y 12 presentaban neoplasias, el 83,3% en varones. Conclusión: Hubo un mayor número de alteraciones benignas en el género femenino. Las neoplasias y las disfunciones neurológicas predominaron en los varones. La disfonía funcional y la AEM ocurren en pacientes menores de 40 años de edad, mientras que las otras ocurren incluso a edades avanzadas, por encima de los 50 años de edad.